Vomocytosis: Too Much Booze, Base, or Calcium?
Melissa Cruz-AcuñaNoah J PacificiJamal S LewisPublished in: mBio (2019)
Macrophages are well known for their phagocytic activity and their role in innate immune responses. Macrophages eat non-self particles, via a variety of mechanisms, and typically break down internalized cargo into small macromolecules. However, some pathogenic agents have the ability to evade this endosomal degradation through a nonlytic exocytosis process termed vomocytosis. This phenomenon has been most often studied for Cryptococcus neoformans, a yeast that causes roughly 180,000 deaths per year, primarily in immunocompromised (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) patients. Existing dogma purports that vomocytosis involves distinctive cellular pathways and intracellular physicochemical cues in the host cell during phagosomal maturation. Moreover, it has been observed that the immunological state of the individual and macrophage phenotype affect vomocytosis outcomes. Here we compile the current knowledge on the factors (with respect to the phagocytic cell) that promote vomocytosis of C. neoformans from macrophages.
Keyphrases
- human immunodeficiency virus
- immune response
- antiretroviral therapy
- hepatitis c virus
- hiv infected
- single cell
- end stage renal disease
- cell therapy
- hiv positive
- newly diagnosed
- hiv aids
- ejection fraction
- healthcare
- chronic kidney disease
- prognostic factors
- peritoneal dialysis
- type diabetes
- dendritic cells
- mesenchymal stem cells
- toll like receptor
- skeletal muscle
- patient reported outcomes
- cell wall
- bone marrow
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- respiratory failure
- solid state