Challenging the thorium-immobility paradigm.

Thorium is the most abundant actinide in the Earth's crust and has universally been considered one of the most immobile elements in natural aqueous systems. This view, however, is based almost exclusively on solubility data obtained at low temperature and their theoretical extrapolation to elevated temperature. The occurrence of hydrothermal deposits with high concentrations of Th challenges the Th immobility paradigm and strongly suggests that Th may be mobilized by some aqueous fluids. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that Th, indeed, is highly mobile at temperatures between 175 and 250 °C in sulfate-bearing aqueous fluids due to the formation of the highly stable Th(SO4)2 aqueous complex. The results of this study indicate that current models grossly underestimate the mobility of Th in hydrothermal fluids, and thus the behavior of Th in ore-forming systems and the nuclear fuel cycle needs to be re-evaluated.