S-Carboxymethyl Cysteine Protects against Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Impairment in a Parkinson's Disease In Vitro Model.
Mariano CatanesiLaura BrandoliniMichele D'AngeloMaria Grazia TuponeElisabetta BenedettiMargherita AlfonsettiMassimiliano QuintilianiMaddalena FratelliDaniela IaconisAnna Maria CiminiVanessa CastelliMarcello AllegrettiPublished in: Biomedicines (2021)
The mucolytic agent S-carboxymethylcysteine is widely used as an expectorant for the treatment of numerous respiratory disorders. The metabolic fate of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine is complex. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that the metabolism of this agent differs within the same individual, with sulfur oxygenated metabolites generated upon night-time administration. It has been indicated that this drug behaves like a free radical scavenger and that, in this regard, the sulfide is the active species with sulphoxide metabolites (already oxidized) being inactive. Consequently, a night-time consumption of the drug should be more effective upon daytime administration. Still, this diurnal variation in biotransformation (deactivation) is dependent on the genetic polymorphism on which relies the patient population capacities of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine sulphoxidation. It has been reported that those cohorts who are efficient sulfur oxidizers will generate inactive oxygenated metabolites. In contrast, those who have a relative deficiency in this mechanism will be subjected to the active sulfide for a more extended period. In this regard, it is noteworthy that 38-39% of Parkinson's disease patients belong to the poor sulphoxide cohort, being exposed to higher levels of active sulfide, the active antioxidant metabolite of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopaminergic neurons. It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a crucial role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Based on this evidence, in this study, we evaluated the effects of S-carboxymethyl cysteine in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease in protecting against oxidative stress injury. The data obtained suggested that an S-carboxymethylcysteine-enriched diet could be beneficial during aging to protect neurons from oxidative imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus preventing the progression of neurodegenerative processes.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- fluorescent probe
- ms ms
- dna damage
- spinal cord
- living cells
- magnetic resonance
- sleep quality
- end stage renal disease
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- obstructive sleep apnea
- newly diagnosed
- magnetic resonance imaging
- induced apoptosis
- weight loss
- genome wide
- big data
- spinal cord injury
- emergency department
- peritoneal dialysis
- single molecule
- replacement therapy
- contrast enhanced
- artificial intelligence
- deep learning