The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionary conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase that senses multiple upstream stimuli to control cell growth, metabolism, and autophagy. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). A significant amount of research has uncovered the signaling pathways regulated by mTORC1, and the involvement of these signaling cascades in human diseases like cancer, diabetes, and ageing. Here, we review advances in mTORC1 regulation by upstream stimuli. We specifically focus on how growth factors, amino acids, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), phosphorylation, and small GTPases regulate mTORC1 activity and signaling.
Keyphrases
- protein kinase
- signaling pathway
- cell proliferation
- type diabetes
- endothelial cells
- cardiovascular disease
- amino acid
- cell death
- transcription factor
- oxidative stress
- gene expression
- squamous cell carcinoma
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- metabolic syndrome
- genome wide
- pi k akt
- skeletal muscle
- insulin resistance
- adipose tissue