Suppressing surface and interface recombination to afford efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells.

The top surface of the perovskite layer and the interface with the electron transporting layer play a key role in influencing the performance and operational stability of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A deficient or ineffective surface passivation strategy at the perovskite/electron transport layer interface can significantly impact the efficiency and scalability of PSCs. This study introduces phenyl dimethylammonium iodide (PDMAI 2 ) as a passivation ligand that exhibits improved chemical and field-effect passivation at the perovskite/C 60 interface. It was found that PDMAI 2 not only passivates surface defects and suppresses recombination through robust coordination but also repels minority carriers and reduces contact-induced interface recombination. The approach leads to a twofold reduction in defect densities and photoluminescence quantum yield loss. This approach enabled high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.3% for small-area (0.1 cm 2 ) and 23.8% for large-area (1 cm 2 ) inverted PSCs. Additionally, PDMAI 2 passivation enabled PSCs to demonstrate steady operation at 65 °C for >1200 hours in an ambient environment.