Zolpidem increases sleep efficiency and the respiratory arousal threshold without changing sleep apnoea severity and pharyngeal muscle activity.

A recent physiology study performed using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) manipulations indicated that the hypnotic zolpidem increases the arousal threshold and genioglossus responsiveness in people with and without obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Thus, zolpidem may stabilise breathing and reduce OSA severity without CPAP. Accordingly, we sought to determine the effects of zolpidem on OSA severity, upper airway physiology and next-day sleepiness and alertness. Nineteen people with OSA with low-to-moderate arousal threshold received 10 mg zolpidem or placebo according to a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. Participants completed two overnight in-laboratory polysomnographies (1-week washout), with an epiglottic catheter, intramuscular genioglossus electromyography, nasal mask and pneumotachograph to measure OSA severity, arousal threshold and upper airway muscle responsiveness. Next-morning sleepiness and alertness were also assessed. Zolpidem did not change the apnoea-hypopnoea index versus placebo (40.6 ± 12.3 vs. 40.3 ± 16.4 events/h (means ± SD), p = 0.938) or nadir oxyhaemoglobin saturation (79.6 ± 6.6 vs. 79.7 ± 7.4%, p = 0.932), but was well tolerated. Zolpidem increased sleep efficiency by 9 ± 14% (83 ± 11 vs. 73 ± 17%, p = 0.010). Arousal threshold increased by 15 ± 5% with zolpidem throughout all sleep stages (p = 0.010), whereas genioglossus muscle responsiveness did not change. Next-morning sleepiness and alertness were not different between nights. In summary, a single night of 10 mg zolpidem is well tolerated and does not cause next-day impairment in alertness or sleepiness, or overnight hypoxaemia in OSA. However, despite increases in arousal threshold without any change in pharyngeal muscle responsiveness, zolpidem does not alter OSA severity. It does, however, increase sleep efficiency by ∼10%, which may be beneficial in people with OSA and insomnia.