Laparoscopic Revisional Surgery After Failed Heller Myotomy for Esophageal Achalasia: Long-Term Outcome at a Single Tertiary Center.

This study reports the largest case series of laparoscopic redo HM to date. The procedure, albeit difficult, is safe and effective in relieving symptoms in this group of patients with a highly refractory disease. The failure rate, albeit not significantly, and the post-operative reflux are higher than after primary HM. Patients with stage IV disease are at high risk of esophagectomy.