The oldest known rhynchocephalian reptile from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany and its phylogenetic position among Lepidosauromorpha.

Skeletal remains of a small lepidosaurian reptile from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian: Longobardian) Erfurt Formation, exposed in a commercial limestone quarry near Vellberg (Germany), represent the oldest rhynchocephalian known to date. The new taxon, Wirtembergia hauboldae, is diagnosed by the following combination of features: Premaxilla with four teeth, first being largest and decreasing in size from first to fourth. Jugal with tiny, spur-like posterior process. Lateral surface of dentary strongly convex dorsoventrally for much of length of bone, bearing distinct longitudinal ridge and sculpturing in large specimens. Coronoid eminence of dentary low, subrectangular, and with dorsoventrally concave lateral surface in larger specimens. Dentition with pleurodont anterior and acrodont posterior teeth. Posterior (=additional) teeth with (in side view) triangular, at mid-crown level labiolingually somewhat flattened crowns, and with oval bases. Phylogenetic analysis recovered the new rhynchocephalian as the earliest-diverging member of its clade known to date.