Circulating beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in advanced heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Determinants and prognostic impact.

In patients with advanced HFrEF, increased plasma β-OHB correlate with FFA levels, worse right ventricular function, greater neurohormonal activation and other markers of HF severity. The association between plasma β-OHB and adverse outcomes is eliminated after accounting for FFA levels, suggesting that increased β-OHB is a consequence reflecting heightened lipolytic state, rather than a cause of worsening HF.