Clinical Chemistry and Haematology Values of a Captive Population of Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti ).

Reference intervals for clinical chemistry and haematology analytes are essential for the interpretation of blood results, but limited data are available for Humboldt penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti ) in zoological collections as well as in the wild. The aim of the present study was therefore to establish reference intervals for a series of clinical chemistry and haematology analytes in a single zoological population of Humboldt penguins. Furthermore, possible variations of the analytes influenced by the age and sex of the individuals were investigated. Lithium heparinized plasma and whole blood samples from 39 animals were analysed and statistically evaluated. The following clinical chemistry analytes were significantly higher in females: glutamate dehydrogenase ( p = 0.0003), alanine transaminase ( p = 0.0005), alkaline phosphatase ( p = 0.0245), aspartate aminotransferase ( p = 0.0043), creatine kinase ( p = 0.0016), lactate dehydrogenase ( p < 0.0001), inorganic phosphorus ( p = 0.0223), and sodium ( p = 0.0415). No significant differences between males and females were found for any haematology analyte. Cholesterol ( p = 0.0233; -0.39), white blood cell count ( p = 0.0208; -0.40), and absolute heterophiles ( p = 0.0148; -0.42) had significant negative correlations with the age of the penguins. The results indicate that the factors of sex and age should be considered when interpreting the results of haematological and clinical biochemistry assays, and further studies are needed to determine whether there are more differences in other age groups or seasons.