Recent advances in inhibiting atherosclerosis and restenosis: from pathogenic factors, therapeutic molecules to nano-delivery strategies.

Due to dominant atherosclerosis etiology, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In clinical trials, advanced atherosclerotic plaques can be removed by angioplasty and vascular transplantation, but the severe risk of vascular restenosis remains, which needs to be urgently improved. After understanding and generalizing the pathological processes and cellular mechanism of certain atherosclerosis and restenosis, their essential pathogenic factors show noteworthy similarity, primarily including endothelium injury, excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and pathogenic inflammatory responses. These common pathogenic factors inspire researchers to develop co-target treatments for these atherosclerosis and restenosis. Numerous therapeutic agents such as nucleic acids, proteins, small molecule drugs and gas signaling molecules for co-target treatments are summarized in this paper. To improve the safety and effectiveness of therapeutic agents, high-performance nanodelivery strategies have been developed for anti-atherosclerosis via systemic administration and anti-restenosis via local administration. They can augment blood circulation time and targeting ability for systemic administration, as well as efficient nanodrug load and precise release. Overall, this review aims to recapitulate the emerging therapeutic molecules and nanodelivery strategies for the treatment of atherosclerosis and restenosis, with the goal of mutual enlightenment in exploring therapeutic approaches for these diseases.