The challenge and opportunity of gut microbiota-targeted nanomedicine for colorectal cancer therapy.

The gut microbiota is an integral component of the colorectal cancer (CRC) microenvironment and is intimately associated with CRC initiation, progression, and therapeutic outcomes. We reviewed recent advancements in utilizing nanotechnology for modulating gut microbiota, discussing strategies and the mechanisms underlying their design. For future nanomedicine design, we propose a 5I principle for individualized nanomedicine in CRC management.