Disulfide high mobility group box-1 causes bladder pain through bladder Toll-like receptor 4.
Fei MaDimitrios E KouzoukasKatherine L Meyer-SieglerKarin N WestlundDavid E HuntPedro L Vera
Published in: BMC physiology (2017)
The disulfide form of HMGB1 mediates bladder pain directly (not secondary to inflammation or injury) through activation of TLR4 receptors in the bladder. Thus, TLR4 receptors are a specific local target for bladder pain.