Angiogenesis Still Plays a Crucial Role in Human Melanoma Progression.
Gerardo CazzatoGiuseppe IngravalloDomenico RibattiPublished in: Cancers (2024)
Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in tumor progression, particularly in melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the intricate interplay between angiogenesis and tumor microenvironment (TME) in melanoma progression. Pro-angiogenic factors, including VEGF, PlGF, FGF-2, IL-8, Ang, TGF-β, PDGF, integrins, MMPs, and PAF, modulate angiogenesis and contribute to melanoma metastasis. Additionally, cells within the TME, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, mast cells, and melanoma-associated macrophages, influence tumor angiogenesis and progression. Anti-angiogenic therapies, while showing promise, face challenges such as drug resistance and tumor-induced activation of alternative angiogenic pathways. Rational combinations of anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapies are being explored to overcome resistance. Biomarker identification for treatment response remains crucial for personalized therapies. This review highlights the complexity of angiogenesis in melanoma and underscores the need for innovative therapeutic approaches tailored to the dynamic TME.
Keyphrases
- endothelial cells
- skin cancer
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- high glucose
- wound healing
- healthcare
- induced apoptosis
- oxidative stress
- signaling pathway
- diabetic rats
- cell cycle arrest
- transforming growth factor
- long non coding rna
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- deep learning
- machine learning
- big data
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- artificial intelligence