Measurement of Neuro-energetics and Neurotransmission in the Rat Olfactory Bulb by 1 H and 1 H-[ 13 C] NMR Spectroscopy.

The olfactory bulb (OB) plays a fundamental role in the sense of smell and has been implicated in several pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease. Despite its importance, high metabolic activity, and unique laminar architecture, the OB is not frequently studied by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods, likely due to the small size and challenging location. Here we present a detailed metabolic characterization of OB metabolism, both in terms of static metabolite concentrations using 1 H MRS and metabolic fluxes associated with neuro-energetics and neurotransmission by tracing the dynamic 13 C flow from intravenously administered [1,6- 13 C 2 ]-glucose, [2- 13 C]-glucose and [2- 13 C]-acetate to downstream metabolites, including [4- 13 C]-glutamate, [4- 13 C]-glutamine and [2- 13 C]-GABA. The unique laminar architecture and associated metabolism of the OB, distinctly different from the cerebral cortex, is characterized by elevated GABA and glutamine levels, as well as increased GABAergic and astroglial energy metabolism and neurotransmission. The results show that, despite the technical challenges, high-quality 1 H and 1 H-[ 13 C] MR spectra can be obtained from the rat OB in vivo. The derived metabolite concentrations and metabolic rates demonstrate a unique metabolic profile for the OB. The metabolic model provides a solid basis for future OB studies on functional activation or pathological conditions.