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Novel Clinical, Immunological, and Metabolic Features Associated with Persistent Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome.

Karina Santana-de AndaJiram Torres-RuizNancy Raquel Mejía-DomínguezBeatriz Alcalá-CarmonaJosé Luis Maravillas-MonteroJosé Carlos Páez-FrancoAna Sofía Vargas-CastroJaquelin Lira-LunaEmmanuel A Camacho-MoránGuillermo Juarez-VegaDavid Meza-SánchezCarlos Núñez-ÁlvarezMarina Rull-GabayetDiana Gómez-Martín
Published in: International journal of molecular sciences (2024)
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors are frequently observed to present persistent symptoms constituting what has been called "post-acute COVID-19 syndrome" (PACS) or "long COVID-19". Some clinical risk factors have been identified to be associated with PACS development; however, specific mechanisms responsible for PACS pathology remain unknown. This study investigates clinical, immunological, and metabolomic risk factors associated with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) in 51 patients, assessed 7-19 months after acute infection. Among the participants, 62.7% were male and 37.2% were female, with an average age of 47.8 years. At the follow-up, 37.2% met the criteria for PACS, revealing significant differences in immunological and metabolomic profiles at the time of acute infection. Patients with PACS were characterized by elevated levels of mature low-density granulocytes (LDGs), interleukin-8 (IL-8), pyruvate, pseudouridine, and cystine. Baseline multivariate analysis showed increased pyruvate and decreased alpha tocopherol levels. At follow-up, there was a decrease in absolute B lymphocytes and an increase in non-classical monocytes and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid levels. These findings suggest that specific immunological and metabolomic markers during acute infection can help identify patients at higher risk of developing persistent PACS.
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