Feral pharmaceuticalization-Biomedical uses of animal life in light of the global donkey hide trade.

Medical and pharmaceutical uses of animal life have gone through vast changes in the past centuries. Although the commodification of animals and animal parts is by no means an invention of modernity, its procedures and practices have evolved in multiple ways across time. Most notably, the exploitation of non-human animal life has been increasingly segmented, industrialized, and globalized. The collateral expansion of scientific and market institutions has led to specific modes of rationalization of animal breeding, culture, and trade for pharmaceutical purposes. However, this rationalization process has never been immune to its own matter-and the materiality of non-human commodification processes irrigates seemingly ordered and layered practices. Based upon a study on the international trade of donkey hide, this paper offers a characterization of the current pharmaceutical uses of animal life through a series of epistemic and environmental tensions expressing frictions between the market's absorptive logic and non-human modes of existence. We describe this set of tensions as 'feral pharmaceuticalization' and contend that they offer new perspectives on the analysis of the contemporary pharmaceuticalization process. In addition, such tensions showcase the importance of investigating the expansion of technological markets not only as simultaneous knowledge and milieux (or bodies) making, or as simple science and market hegemonic processes, but also as the construction of new stages of conflict.