Graphene-Oxide-Enriched Biomaterials: A Focus on Osteo and Chondroinductive Properties and Immunomodulation.
Alessia RicciAmelia CataldiSusi ZaraMarialucia GalloriniPublished in: Materials (Basel, Switzerland) (2022)
Due to its exceptional physical properties, such as high electronic conductivity, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical strength, and chemical versatility, graphene has sparked a lot of interest in the scientific community for various applications. It has therefore been employed as an antibacterial agent, in photothermal therapy (PTT) and biosensors, in gene delivery systems, and in tissue engineering for regenerative purposes. Since it was first discovered in 1947, different graphene derivatives have been synthetized from pristine graphene. The most adaptable derivate is graphene oxide (GO). Owing to different functional groups, the amphiphilic structure of GO can interact with cells and exogenous or endogenous growth/differentiation factors, allowing cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation. When GO is used as a coating for scaffolds and nanomaterials, it has been found to enhance bone, chondrogenic, cardiac, neuronal, and skin regeneration. This review focuses on the applications of graphene-based materials, in particular GO, as a coating for scaffolds in bone and chondrogenic tissue engineering and summarizes the most recent findings. Moreover, novel developments on the immunomodulatory properties of GO are reported.
Keyphrases
- tissue engineering
- walled carbon nanotubes
- cell adhesion
- room temperature
- mesenchymal stem cells
- soft tissue
- carbon nanotubes
- mental health
- stem cells
- bone mineral density
- induced apoptosis
- healthcare
- wound healing
- left ventricular
- heart failure
- bone loss
- genome wide
- atrial fibrillation
- oxidative stress
- gene expression
- copy number
- cell death
- blood brain barrier
- dna methylation
- brain injury
- signaling pathway
- bone marrow
- subarachnoid hemorrhage