Effects of indoor residual spraying and outdoor larval control on Anopheles coluzzii from São Tomé and Príncipe, two islands with pre-eliminated malaria.

Indoor residual spraying could rapidly decrease Anopheles density and malaria incidence in STP. Outdoor larval control using Bti is a sustainable approach for controlling local vector with exophilic feature and insecticide resistance problem. Vector control interventions should be intensified especially at the north-eastern part of São Tomé to minimize impacts of outbreaks.