Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic, Hormonal, and Inflammation Impacts.
Zahra KolahchiNicholas HenkelMahmoud Ali EladawiEmma C VillarrealPrathik KandimallaAnna LundhRobert E McCullumsmithElvis CuevasPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2024)
Two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer's disease are women, indicating a profound variance between the sexes. Variances exist between the sexes in the age and intensity of the presentation, cognitive deficits, neuroinflammatory factors, structural and functional brain changes, as well as psychosocial and cultural circumstances. Herein, we summarize the existing evidence for sexual dimorphism and present the available evidence for these distinctions. Understanding these complexities is critical to developing personalized interventions for the prevention, care, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Keyphrases
- cognitive decline
- healthcare
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- mental health
- oxidative stress
- physical activity
- palliative care
- white matter
- resting state
- adipose tissue
- quality improvement
- high intensity
- metabolic syndrome
- blood brain barrier
- case report
- skeletal muscle
- copy number
- functional connectivity
- replacement therapy
- combination therapy