Enhanced Bioactivity of Tailor-Made Glycolipid Enriched Manuka Honey.

Glycolipids can be synthetized in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as they possess low water content allowing a reversed lipase activity and thus enables ester formation. Based on this principle, honey can also serve as a media for glycolipid synthesis. Indeed, this supersaturated sugar solution is comparable in terms of physicochemical properties to the sugar-based DESs. Honey-based products being commercially available for therapeutic applications, it appears interesting to enhance its bioactivity. In the current work, we investigate if enriching medical grade honey with in situ enzymatically-synthetized glycolipids can improve the antimicrobial property of the mixture. The tested mixtures are composed of Manuka honey that is enriched with octanoate, decanoate, laurate, and myristate sugar esters, respectively dubbed GOH, GDH, GLH, and GMH. To characterize the bioactivity of those mixtures, first a qualitative screening using an agar well diffusion assay has been performed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , Candida bombicola , Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas putida which confirmed considerably enhanced susceptibility of these micro-organisms to the different glycolipid enriched honey mixtures. Then, a designed biosensor E. coli strain that displays a stress reporter system consisting of three stress-specific inducible, red, green, and blue fluorescent proteins which respectively translate to physiological stress, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity was used. Bioactivity was, therefore, characterized, and a six-fold enhancement of the physiological stress that was caused by GOH compared to regular Manuka honey at a 1.6% ( v / v ) concentration was observed. An antibacterial agar well diffusion assay with E. coli was performed as well and demonstrated an improved inhibitory potential with GOH upon 20% ( v / v ) concentration.