3D Perovskite Passivation with a Benzotriazole-Based 2D Interlayer for High-Efficiency Solar Cells.
Alessandro CaiazzoArthur MaufortBas T van GorkomWillemijn H M RemmerswaalJordi Ferrer OrriJunyu LiJunke WangWouter T M Van GompelAndreas SimoensGunnar KuschRachel A OliverCaterina DucatiLaurence LutsenMartijn M WienkSamuel D StranksDirk VanderzandeRené A J JanssenPublished in: ACS applied energy materials (2023)
2H-Benzotriazol-2-ylethylammonium bromide and iodide and its difluorinated derivatives are synthesized and employed as interlayers for passivation of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI 3 ) solar cells. In combination with PbI 2 and PbBr 2 , these benzotriazole derivatives form two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) as evidenced by their crystal structures and thin film characteristics. When used to passivate n-i-p FAPbI 3 solar cells, the power conversion efficiency improves from 20% to close to 22% by enhancing the open-circuit voltage. Quasi-Fermi level splitting experiments and scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging reveal that passivation provides a reduced nonradiative recombination at the interface between the perovskite and hole transport layer. Photoluminescence spectroscopy, angle-resolved grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and depth profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the 2D/three-dimensional (3D) interface between the benzotriazole RPP and FAPbI 3 show that a nonuniform layer of 2D perovskites is enough to passivate defects, enhance charge extraction, and decrease nonradiative recombination.
Keyphrases
- solar cells
- high resolution
- electron microscopy
- high efficiency
- dna repair
- dna damage
- mass spectrometry
- single cell
- solid state
- single molecule
- minimally invasive
- quantum dots
- risk factors
- genome wide
- perovskite solar cells
- structure activity relationship
- case control
- gene expression
- magnetic resonance
- oxidative stress
- monte carlo