Lymphovascular invasion and presence of embryonal carcinoma as risk factors for occult metastatic disease in clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumour: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Joost M BlokIlse PluimGedske DaugaardThomas WagnerKatarzyna JóźwiakErica A WilthagenLeendert H J LooijengaRichard P MeijerJ L H Ruud BoschSimon HorenblasPublished in: BJU international (2020)
LVI is the strongest risk factor for relapse. The prognostic value of EC is high, but there is no common agreement on how to define this risk factor. Both EC presence and EC >50% have similar ORs for occult metastasis. This shows that the assessment of EC presence is sufficient for the classification of EC.