The Biological Relevance of Papaverine in Cancer Cells.
Daniella Anthea GomesAnnie Margaretha JoubertMichelle Helen VisagiePublished in: Cells (2022)
Papaverine (PPV), a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, extracted from the Papaverine somniferum plant, is currently in clinical use as a vasodilator. Research has shown that PPV inhibits phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A,) resulting in the accumulation of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) that affects multiple downstream pathways, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The accumulation of cAMP can further affect mitochondrial metabolism through the activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which activates the mitochondrial complex I. Literature has shown that PPV exerts anti-proliferative affects in several tumorigenic cell lines including adenocarcinoma alveolar cancer (A549) and human hepatoma (HepG-2) cell lines. Cell cycle investigations have shown varying results with the effects dependent on concentration and cell type with data suggesting an increase in cells occupying the sub-G 1 phase, which is indicative of cell death. These results suggest that PPV may be a beneficial compound to explore for the use in anticancer studies. More insight into the effects of the compound on cellular and molecular mechanisms is needed. Understanding the effects PPV may exert on tumorigenic cells may better researchers' understanding of phytomedicines and the effects of PPV and PPV-derived compounds in cancer.
Keyphrases
- protein kinase
- cell cycle arrest
- cell death
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- pi k akt
- cell cycle
- cell proliferation
- induced apoptosis
- endothelial cells
- signaling pathway
- papillary thyroid
- oxidative stress
- systematic review
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- tyrosine kinase
- electronic health record
- binding protein
- rectal cancer
- case control