The safety of phthalate-containing medications used during pregnancy.

There is robust evidence to link exposure to phthalates in medical products including preterm birth, gestational diabetes, pregnancy induced hypertension and miscarriage. Nevertheless, future studies need to address standardisation to avoid the heterogeneity of current studies. In future, the use of naturally occurring biopolymers may be safer, and the role of vitamin D as an immune modulator also has promise.