Discovery of a lagriamide polyketide by integrated genome mining, isotopic labeling, and untargeted metabolomics.

Microorganisms from the order Burkholderiales have been the source of a number of important classes of natural products in recent years. For example, study of the beetle-associated symbiont Burkholderia gladioli led to the discovery of the antifungal polyketide lagriamide; an important molecule from the perspectives of both biotechnology and chemical ecology. As part of a wider project to sequence Burkholderiales genomes from our in-house Burkholderiales library we identified a strain containing a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) similar to the original lagriamide BGC. Structure prediction failed to identify any candidate masses for the products of this BGC from untargeted metabolomics mass spectrometry data. However, genome mining from publicly available databases identified fragments of this BGC from a culture collection strain of Paraburkholderia . Whole genome sequencing of this strain revealed the presence of a homologue of this BGC with very high sequence identity. Stable isotope feeding of the two strains in parallel using our newly developed IsoAnalyst platform identified the product of this lagriamide-like BGC directly from the crude fermentation extracts, affording a culturable supply of this interesting compound class. Using a combination of bioinformatic, computational and spectroscopic methods we defined the absolute configurations for all 11 chiral centers in this new metabolite, which we named lagriamide B. Biological testing of lagriamide B against a panel of 21 bacterial and fungal pathogens revealed antifungal activity against the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus niger , while image-based Cell Painting analysis indicated that lagriamide B also causes actin filament disruption in U2-OS osteosarcoma cells.