Shared and specific biological signalling pathways for diabetic retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy and nephropathy by high-throughput sequencing analysis.

Diabetic retinopathy, DPN and DN exhibited commonality and heterogeneity simultaneously. The shared pathologic mechanisms underlying these diabetic complications are involved in diabetic microvascular damage via immune and inflammatory pathways. Our findings predict several biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these diabetic complications.