Mechanistic Insights into the Biodegradation of Carbon Dots by Fungal Laccase.

While carbon dots (CDs) have the potential to support the agricultural revolution, it remains obscure about their environmental fate and bioavailability by plants. Fungal laccase-mediated biotransformation of carbon nanomaterials has received little attention despite its known capacity to eliminate recalcitrant contaminants. Herein, we presented the initial investigation into the transformation of CDs by fungal laccase. The degradation rates of CDs were determined to be first-order in both substrate and enzyme. Computational docking studies showed that CDs preferentially bonded to the pocket of laccase on the basal plane rather than the edge through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Electrospray ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR MS) and other characterizations revealed that the phenolic/amino lignins and tannins portions in CDs are susceptible to laccase transformation, resulting in graphitic structure damage and smaller-sized fragments. By using the 13 C stable isotope labeling technique, we quantified the uptake and translocation of 13 C-CDs by mung bean plants. 13 C-CDs (10 mg L -1 ) accumulated in the root, stem, and leaf were estimated to be 291, 239, and 152 μg g -1 at day 5. We also evidenced that laccase treatment alters the particle size and surface chemistry of CDs, which could facilitate the uptake of CDs by plants and reduce their nanotoxicity to plants.