Out-of-distribution detection with in-distribution voting using the medical example of chest x-ray classification.

The performance of all tested OOD detection methods did not translate well to radiography data sets, except Mahalanobis-based OOD detection and the proposed IDV method. Consequently, training solely on ID data led to incorrect classification of OOD images as ID, resulting in increased false positive rates. IDV substantially improved the model's ID classification performance, even when trained with data that will not occur in the intended use case or test set (ImageNet), without additional inference overhead or performance decrease in the target classification. The corresponding code is available at https://gitlab.lrz.de/IP/a-knee-cannot-have-lung-disease.