Pilot Validation of a 3-Dimensional Printed Pituitary Adenoma, Vascular Injury, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Surgical Simulator.

We have demonstrated for the first time a validated 3-dimensional printed surgical simulator for endoscopic pituitary surgery that allows surgeons to practice a transsphenoidal approach, surgical resection of a pituitary adenoma, repair of a CSF leak in the diaphragma sellae, control of a carotid injury, and repair of skull base defect.