Should We be Concerned with Nicotine in Sport? Analysis from 60,802 Doping Control Tests in Italy.
Thomas ZandonaiFrancesco BotreMaria Gabriella AbateAna María PeiróToby MundelPublished in: Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) (2023)
The current data demonstrates that one in five samples from a range of 90 sports test positive for nicotine in-competition. There is a lower positivity rate in endurance versus power/strength athletes and higher positivity rate in team versus individual sports, probably accounted for by differences in physiological and psychological demands and the desire for socialisation. WADA, international and national sports federations should consider these findings with concern, proactively investigate this phenomenon and act in order to protect the health and welfare of its athletes.
Keyphrases
- high school
- smoking cessation
- quality improvement
- public health
- mental health
- skeletal muscle
- palliative care
- electronic health record
- high intensity
- big data
- health information
- machine learning
- resistance training
- depressive symptoms
- physical activity
- body composition
- health promotion
- climate change
- anterior cruciate ligament