The treatment of functional dyspepsia: present and future.

. pylori, and/or a trial of acid suppression are reasonable initial treatment options for patients with FD. Neuromodulators and fundic accommodation agents are underemployed and should be used more routinely by healthcare providers, especially for patients with moderate-severe symptoms. Alternative therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy, are gaining recognition as safe and effective treatments for FD and can be used alone or in combination with medications. Virtual reality has the potential to significantly improve global FD symptoms.