Does Venipuncture Increase Lymphedema by Triggering Inflammation or Infection? An Experimental Rabbit Ear Lymphedema Model Study.

Background: Recent guidelines recommend avoiding venipuncture to prevent lymphedema for breast cancer patients. This study investigated whether single or multiple sterile venipuncture procedures develop a systemic inflammation or infection and increase lymphedema in the rabbit ear lymphedema model. Methods and Results: Eighteen New Zealand white female rabbits were included. The right ear lymphedema model was created by surgical procedure; then, rabbits were divided into three randomized groups. Single and multiple venipuncture procedures were applied at least the 60th day after surgery for Group I and II, respectively. Group III was a control group. C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) levels were analyzed to determine inflammation and infection. Ear thickness measurements were applied using a vernier caliper to assess the differences in lymphedema between the ears. All rabbits were euthanized on the 90th day after surgery. Histopathological analysis was performed to evaluate lymphedema by measuring tissue thicknesses. Ear thickness measurements showed that ear lymphedema was developed and maintained with surgical operation in all groups ( p  < 0.05). There was no difference in the ear thickness measurements between and within-groups results ( p  > 0.05). CRP and PCT levels were below the lower detection levels in all groups. According to the differences of histopathological ear distances, there were significant differences within-groups for all groups ( p  < 0.05), and no differences were identified between groups ( p  > 0.05). Conclusion: This experimental study demonstrated that single or multiple sterile venipuncture procedures did not trigger infection or inflammation and did not exacerbate ear lymphedema in the rabbit ear lymphedema model.