Impedimetric Detection of Calreticulin by a Disposable Immunosensor Modified with a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite.

A label-free impedimetric immunosensing system was constructed for ultrasensitive determination of the calreticulin (CALR) biological marker in human serum samples utilizing an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis technique for the first time. The new biosensor fabrication procedure consisted of electrodeposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) incorporating polymerization of an oxiran-2-yl methyl 3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) propanoate monomer (<i>Pepx</i>) onto a low-cost and disposable indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The <i>SWCNTs-PPepx</i> nanocomposite layer was prepared onto the ITO after the one-step fabrication procedure. The fabrication procedure of the immunosensor and the characteristic biomolecular interactions between the anti-CALR and CALR were characterized by electrochemical analysis and morphological monitoring techniques. Under optimum conditions, the proposed biosensor was responsive to CALR concentrations over the detection ranges of 0.015-60 pg/mL linearly, and it had a very low detection limit (4.6 fg/mL) and a favorable sensitivity (0.43 kΩ pg^-1 mL cm^-2). The reliability of the biosensor system in clinical analysis was investigated by successful quantification of CALR levels in human serum. Moreover, the repeatability and reproducibility results of the biosensor were evaluated by using Dixon, Grubbs, <i>T</i>-test, and <i>F</i>-tests. Consequently, the proposed biosensor was a promising method for scientific, rapid, and successful analysis of CALR in human serum samples.