Cell-Type-Specific Mitochondrial Quality Control in the Brain: A Plausible Mechanism of Neurodegeneration.
Hariprasath RagupathyManasvi VukkuSandeep Kumar BarodiaPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2023)
Neurodegeneration is an age-dependent progressive phenomenon with no defined cause. Aging is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. During aging, activated microglia undergo phenotypic alterations that can lead to neuroinflammation, which is a well-accepted event in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Several common mechanisms are shared by genetically or pathologically distinct neurodegenerative diseases, such as excitotoxicity, mitochondrial deficits and oxidative stress, protein misfolding and translational dysfunction, autophagy and microglia activation. Progressive loss of the neuronal population due to increased oxidative stress leads to neurodegenerative diseases, mostly due to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive neuroinflammatory responses are both sufficient to induce pathology in age-dependent neurodegeneration. Therefore, mitochondrial quality control is a key determinant for the health and survival of neuronal cells in the brain. Research has been primarily focused to demonstrate the significance of neuronal mitochondrial health, despite the important contributions of non-neuronal cells that constitute a significant portion of the brain volume. Moreover, mitochondrial morphology and function are distinctly diverse in different tissues; however, little is known about their molecular diversity among cell types. Mitochondrial dynamics and quality in different cell types markedly decide the fate of overall brain health; therefore, it is not justifiable to overlook non-neuronal cells and their significant and active contribution in facilitating overall neuronal health. In this review article, we aim to discuss the mitochondrial quality control of different cell types in the brain and how important and remarkable the diversity and highly synchronized connecting property of non-neuronal cells are in keeping the neurons healthy to control neurodegeneration.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- induced apoptosis
- quality control
- cerebral ischemia
- cell cycle arrest
- public health
- resting state
- healthcare
- white matter
- mental health
- diabetic rats
- dna damage
- cell death
- health information
- functional connectivity
- single cell
- multiple sclerosis
- inflammatory response
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- cell therapy
- gene expression
- traumatic brain injury
- spinal cord
- pi k akt
- health promotion
- small molecule
- spinal cord injury
- mesenchymal stem cells
- amino acid
- social media