Synthesis, characterization, and comparative assessment of antimicrobial properties and cytotoxicity of graphene-, silver-, and zinc-based nanomaterials.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, silver/zinc zeolite (Ag/Zn-Ze), and graphene oxide-silver (GO-Ag) nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized with X-ray powder Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy. The antibacterial efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated against E. coli . by shake flask method and plate culture method for different concentrations. For 10 5 cells/mL initial bacterial concentration, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were <160, <320, <320, and >1280 μg/mL, and antibacterial concentration at which 50% cells are inhibited (IC 50 ) were 47, 90, 78, and 250 μg/mL for Ag/Zn-Ze, GO, GO-Ag, and ZnO, respectively. Therefore, the shake flask method showed that for all nanoparticle concentrations, Ag/Zn-Ze, and GO-Ag exhibited greater inhibition efficacy, which was also highly dependent on initial bacterial concentration. However, in case of the plate culture method, similar range of inhibition capacity was found for Ag/Zn-Ze, GO-Ag, and ZnO, whereas GO showed lower potency to inhibit E. coli . In addition, GO-Ag nanocomposite exhibited more efficacy than Ag/Zn-Ze when the antibacterial surface was prepared with those. However, Ag/Zn-Ze showed no toxicity on Vero cells, whereas GO-Ag exhibited severe toxicity at higher concentrations. This study establishes GO-Ag and Ag/Zn-Ze as potent antimicrobial agents; however, their application dosage should carefully be chosen based on cytotoxic effects of GO-Ag in case of any possible physiological interaction.