Second-generation checkpoint inhibitors and Treg depletion synergize with a mouse cancer vaccine in accordance with tumor microenvironment characterization.

These findings show how pre-existing or vaccine-mediated de novo T cell responses can both be amplified by and facilitate synergistic CPIs and Treg depletion that together lead to greater survival, and how analysis of the TME can help rationally design combination therapies and precision medicine to enhance clinical response to CPI and cancer vaccine therapy.