Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities.
Alessandra VezzoliMrakic-Sposta SimonaAndrea BrizzolariCostantino BalestraEnrico Maria CamporesiGerardo BoscoPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2024)
Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O 2 availability. This review explores the oxidative stress mechanisms and related inflammation status (Oxy-Inflammation) in underwater activities such as breath-hold (BH) diving, Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) diving, and saturation diving. Divers are exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, amplified by environmental conditions, hyperbaric pressure, cold water, different types of breathing gases, and air/non-air mixtures. The "diving response", including physiological adaptation, cardiovascular stress, increased arterial blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction, altered blood gas values, and risk of bubble formation during decompression, are reported.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- inflammatory response
- blood pressure
- diabetic rats
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- dna damage
- induced apoptosis
- adipose tissue
- type diabetes
- regulatory t cells
- minimally invasive
- toll like receptor
- climate change
- room temperature
- hypertensive patients
- heat shock
- anti inflammatory
- human health
- skeletal muscle
- amino acid
- drug induced
- blood glucose
- stress induced
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- heat stress
- glycemic control