The Initial Myelination in the Central Nervous System.
Qiang YuTeng GuanYing GuoJiming KongPublished in: ASN neuro (2023)
Myelination contributes not only to the rapid nerve conduction but also to axonal insulation and protection. In the central nervous system (CNS), the initial myelination features a multistep process where oligodendrocyte precursor cells undergo proliferation and migration before differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes. Mature oligodendrocytes then extend processes and wrap around axons to form the multilayered myelin sheath. These steps are tightly regulated by various cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as transcription factors (Olig family, Sox family), growth factors (PDGF, BDNF, FGF-2, IGF), chemokines/cytokines (TGF-β, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IFN-γ), hormones (T3), axonal signals (PSA-NCAM, L1-CAM, LINGO-1, neural activity), and intracellular signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, PI3 K/AKT/mTOR, ERK/MAPK). However, the fundamental mechanisms for initial myelination are yet to be fully elucidated. Identifying pivotal mechanisms for myelination onset, development, and repair will become the focus of future studies. This review focuses on the current understanding of how CNS myelination is initiated and also the regulatory mechanisms underlying the process.
Keyphrases
- signaling pathway
- transcription factor
- pi k akt
- induced apoptosis
- cell proliferation
- spinal cord injury
- stem cells
- prostate cancer
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- cell cycle arrest
- rheumatoid arthritis
- blood brain barrier
- immune response
- oxidative stress
- cerebrospinal fluid
- transforming growth factor
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- multiple sclerosis
- binding protein
- radical prostatectomy
- cell death
- computed tomography
- case control
- vascular smooth muscle cells