Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of One-Dimensional Quinoidal Oligothiophene Derivatives Involving Phenoxyl Groups.

The diradical characters (y) and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of open-shell quinoidal oligothiophene derivatives with phenoxyl groups, and the corresponding reduced (hydrogenated)-state oligomers, are investigated by using the broken-symmetry density functional theory method. The oxidized (dehydrogenated) states are predicted to have an open-shell singlet ground state and their y values increase with the number of units. Static second hyperpolarizabilities (γ) of the open-shell oligomers with intermediate y are shown to be enhanced significantly compared with those of the closed-shell analogues. Furthermore, owing to the effective diradical distances, the γ values of open-shell oligomers are found to exceed that of s-indaceno[1,2,3-cd;5,6,7-c'd']diphenalene, which is known as an organic molecule with the largest two-photon absorption cross-section in this size of the pure hydrocarbons. This feature extends the range of efficient open-shell third-order NLO materials to a novel class of one-dimensional conjugated oligomers with redox-based high tunability of third-order NLO properties.