MoO 2 Nanoclusters Embedded in Hierarchical Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanoflower as Electrocatalytic Mediators in Aqueous Zinc-Tellurium Batteries: Enhancing Electrochemical Kinetics of Tellurium Redox Reaction.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered to be one of the most promising devices for large-scale energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical capacity, environmental friendliness, and safety. However, the ionic intercalation or surface redox mechanisms in conventional cathode materials generally result in unsatisfactory capacities. Conversion-type aqueous zinc-tellurium (Zn-Te) batteries have recently gained widespread attention owing to their high theoretical specific capacities. However, it remains an enormous challenge to improve the slow kinetics of the aqueous Zn-Te batteries. Here, MoO 2 nanoclusters embedded in hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanoflower (MoO 2 /NC) hosts are successfully synthesized and loaded with Te in aqueous Zn-Te batteries. Benefitting from the highly dispersed MoO 2 nanoclusters and hierarchical nanoflower structure with a large specific surface area, the electrochemical kinetics of the Te redox reaction are significantly improved. As a result, the Te-MoO 2 /NC electrode exhibits superior cycling stability and a high specific capacity of 493 mAh g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 . Meanwhile, the conversion mechanism is systematically explored using a variety of ex situ characterization methods. Therefore, this study provides a novel approach for enhancing the kinetics of the Te redox reaction in aqueous Zn-Te batteries.