Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: molecular and cellular mechanisms and new immunotherapeutic approaches.

Conclusion: MS remains incurable, but disease-modifying therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory drugs offer hope for patients. Ongoing research into the immunogenetics and immunoregulatory roles of gut microbiota continues to shed light on potential therapeutic avenues. Understanding the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MS.