Superselective renal arterial embolization for severe postpercutaneous nephrolithotomy haemorrhage: clinical characteristics and risk factors for initial failure.

Percutaneous access was not the most important reason for post-PCNL severe haemorrhage. SRAE is effective for the treatment of severe haemorrhage following PCNL; however, several factors have an impact on the success of initial SRAE. Additionally, the SRAE procedure may affect renal function.