Differences in muscle coordination between older men and women during brisk walking.

Brisk walking is a highly recommended physical activity for healthy community-dwelling older adults. The objective of this study was to examine through principal component analysis (PCA) how muscle coordination differs between older women and men during brisk walking. Thirty-five healthy older adults (65.2 ± 3.0 years old, 18 females, and 17 males) participated in the study. Eight surface electromyographic electrodes were used to record lower extremity muscle activities, and four inertial measurement unit sensors to monitor hip, knee, and ankle motion. Energy expenditure and heart rate were also measured during brisk walking. The effects of a person's sex on muscle coordination were identified through wavelet and PCA analysis of the sEMG signals. The results of energy expenditure and heart rate confirmed that brisk walking exercise is beneficial for older adults. PCA analysis showed that muscle coordination patterns differ between older women and men: during the stance phase a greater co-contraction of tibialis anterior and soleus in the men, and a greater activation of the quadriceps muscles during the loading-response phase in the women. The wavelet and PCA analyses facilitated a quantitative appraisal of sex-specific differences in the muscle coordination patterns of older men and women during brisk walking.