Frequency, risk factors and symptomatology of iatrogenic withdrawal from opioids and benzodiazepines in critically Ill neonates, children and adults: A systematic review of clinical studies.

Iatrogenic withdrawal appears to be a frequent syndrome in critical care patients who received regular doses of opioids and/or benzodiazepines for ≥72 hours. Larger studies are required, especially in critically ill adults, to better define the syndrome and its symptomatology.