There is an increasing recognition of heart failure among adults with congenital heart disease as a result of the advancements in medical, interventional, and surgical care. The long-term consequences of palliative therapy in infancy, childhood, and adulthood are incompletely understood. Medical therapy, including pharmacologic and device therapies, have been used for the treatment of heart failure. This review summarizes care strategies that have been applied within the spectrum of adults with congenital heart disease, including failing systemic ventricles, single ventricles, and Eisenmenger physiology.
Keyphrases
- heart failure
- healthcare
- congenital heart disease
- palliative care
- left ventricular
- end stage renal disease
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- quality improvement
- acute heart failure
- cardiac resynchronization therapy
- prognostic factors
- chronic kidney disease
- depressive symptoms
- pain management
- affordable care act
- peritoneal dialysis
- early life
- young adults
- health insurance
- chronic pain
- bone marrow
- childhood cancer
- combination therapy
- drug induced