Solution Formulation and Rheology for Fabricating Extracellular Matrix-Derived Fibers Using Low-Voltage Electrospinning Patterning.

Composite formation and chemical cross-linking are common strategies in tuning the functionality and performance of biologically derived fibers fabricated by electrospinning. The modification to the initial polymeric solution changes the fiber-processing parameters and the associated fiber morphologies. Here, we investigated the gelatin solution formulation and how the addition of homogenized decellularized matrix particles (dCMps) can alter the processability of gelatin fibers produced by low-voltage electrospinning patterning. To produce water-insoluble fibers, the effect of a cross-linker addition was also separately investigated. In particular, we found that the electrospinnability of the solutions formulated with different concentrations of gelatin and dCMps and the morphology of the electrospun fibers were dependent on the rheological properties of the solutions. The solution dispersion rheology can be used as a useful indicator for guiding fiber processability and the fabrication strategy for patterning. The loss tangent associated with an oscillatory rheological test can be used to indicate the switch from an "extrusion-patterning" to a "drag-patterning" configuration. Fine-tuning of the cross-linking time can switch the thin fibrous film between a woven and a nonwoven structure. This study can be used as a guide to producing extracellular matrix fibers and films with specific microstructures suitable for tissue engineering applications.