Temporal efficacy of neonicotinoid seed treatments against Frankliniella fusca on cotton.

NSTs reduce the number of F. fusca larvae on younger seedlings, but this effect declines as seedlings age. The duration of efficacy is shorter against neonicotinoid-resistant populations. Neonicotinoid resistance in cotton-infesting F. fusca populations may be accelerated by this time-dependent decrease in efficacy, which likely encourages low-dose exposure to these insecticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.