Gender-Based Disparities in Academic Productivity Arise During Neurosurgery Residency: A Systematic Review.

Without publicly available, self-identified gender designation for each resident, we were limited to review/designate gender based on male-presenting/female-presenting status from gender conventions of names/appearance. Although not an ideal measurement, this helped show that during neurosurgical residency, male residents publish significantly more than female counterparts. Given similar preresidency h-indices and publication records, this is unlikely explained by differences in academic aptitude. In-residency gender barriers to academic productivity must be acknowledged and addressed to improve female representation within academic neurosurgery.