Comparison of photoinduced and electrochemically induced degradation of venlafaxine.
Melanie VoigtJean-Michel DluziakNils WellenVictoria LangerbeinMartin JaegerPublished in: Environmental science and pollution research international (2024)
The European Union requires environmental monitoring of the antidepressant drug venlafaxine. Advanced oxidation processes provide a remedy against the spread of micropollutants. In this study, the photoinduced and electrochemical decompositions of venlafaxine were investigated in terms of mechanism and efficacy using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution multifragmentation mass spectrometry. Kinetic analysis, structure elucidation, matrix variation, and radical scavenging indicated the dominance of a hydroxyl-mediated indirect mechanism during photodegradation and hydroxyl and direct electrochemical oxidation for electrochemical degradation. Oxidants, sulfate, and chloride ions acted as accelerants, which reduced venlafaxine half-lives from 62 to 25 min. Humic acid decelerated degradation during ultra-violet irradiation up to 50%, but accelerated during electrochemical oxidation up to 56%. In silico quantitative structure activity relationship analysis predicted decreased environmental hazard after advanced oxidation process treatment. In general, photoirradiation proved more efficient due to faster decomposition and slightly less toxic transformation products. Yet, matrix effects would have to be carefully evaluated when potential applications as a fourth purification stage were to be considered.
Keyphrases
- electron transfer
- high resolution
- high performance liquid chromatography
- mass spectrometry
- gold nanoparticles
- hydrogen peroxide
- molecularly imprinted
- ionic liquid
- tandem mass spectrometry
- label free
- structure activity relationship
- human health
- wastewater treatment
- major depressive disorder
- quantum dots
- combination therapy
- visible light
- gas chromatography
- ms ms
- water soluble
- risk assessment
- oxide nanoparticles
- adverse drug